Wolfgang Kummer

..TRPM5 is known to be abundantly expressed in taste receptor cells where it participates in sweet, amino acid and bitter perception. A role of TRPM5 in other sensory systems, however, has not been studied so far...

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..The cell type-specific molecular diversity of the epithelial ACh synthesis and release machinery implies that it is differently regulated than neuronal ACh release and can be specifically targeted by appropriate drugs...

..The cellular identification of the cell type initiating the chemoreceptor reflex, however, has to await the molecular identification of the particular oxygen sensor molecule that initiates increased carotid sinus nerve activity...

..Hence, the hypothesis emerged that 5-HT evokes bronchoconstriction by inducing release of ACh from epithelial cells via OCTs...

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..The major potential role of the pulmonary vascular innervation, autonomic and sensory, lies in the pronounced trophic activities of its transmitters...

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..2003)...

..This muscular localization of NK1R explains the previously reported [Zochodne, D.W. and Ho, L.T., J. Physiol., 444 (1991) 615-630] moderate vasoconstrictor rather than vasodilator effects of SP in this vascular bed...

..The findings suggest participation of the nociceptin/ORL1 receptor signalling pathway in processing of information within prevertebral ganglia, and a general responsiveness of sympathetic neurons to nociceptin...

..This may be involved in the proposed chain of events in oxygen sensing, but alternative cellular functions of this system have also to be considered...

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..The aim of the present study was to establish a model which allows the investigation of HPV and its underlying mechanisms in small intra-acinar arteries...

..Intravascular graft leukocytes, among them monocytes, up-regulate non-neuronal ACh synthesis and develop auto-/paracrine cholinergic attenuation of ATP signaling during acute allograft rejection...

..7 microM). The data show that OCT1 and OCT2 mediate luminal ACh release in human airways and suggest that ACh release is blocked after inhalation of budesonide...

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..5-fold upregulated. These results support an important role for NOX4 in the vascular remodeling associated with development of pulmonary hypertension...

..In conclusion, we demonstrate for the first time upregulation of E-FABP expression in AM during severe inflammation...

..Hence, their occurrence in epithelium of the airways might be expected but, nonetheless, has not yet been examined...

..Accordingly, cholinergic regulation of tracheal epithelial function is governed by local release and recycling of ACh by ciliated cells...

..In view of the multiplicity of pathways to which different cholinergic receptor subtypes are coupled, we propose that this layer-specific distribution serves to stratify cholinergic regulation of human urothelial function...

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..1995; Jares-Erijman and Jovin, 2003)...

..Our results point to functional role(s) of NOSIP in the control of airway and vascular diameter, mucosal secretion, NO synthesis in ciliated epithelium, and, therefore, of mucociliary and bronchial function...

..Expression of the high-affinity choline transporter CHT1 is a novel component of the intrinsic non-neuronal cholinergic system of the arterial vascular wall, predominantly in the intimal and medial layers...

..Immunohistochemical detection of MR subtype localisation in tissue sections of peripheral organs is limited to the M2R subtype utilising the most commonly used methodological approaches...

..Functional complex II is also necessary for hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction...

..In conclusion, IMD is a novel hypoxia-induced gene and a potential interventional agent for the improvement of endothelial barrier function in systemic inflammatory responses and hypoxia-induced vascular leakage...

..These findings indicate that caveolin-3 is responsible to keep endothelial nitric oxide synthase in a membrane compartment in the apical region of ciliated cells...

..In conclusion, NPY is an abundantly produced and tightly regulated cytokine of mononuclear blood leukocytes...

..While ChAT is nearly ubiquitously expressed in rat placenta, VAChT immunoreactivity is localised cell type specifically, implying that both vesicular and non-vesicular ACh release machineries prevail in placental cell types...

..To date, we do not know the mechanism resulting in fumarate-induced chronic graft damage. We suggest, however, that addition of fumarate to the conservation fluid does not improve graft outcome...

..Here, we demonstrated that M2R- and M3R-mediated bronchoconstriction is caveolae-dependent. Since caveolin-3 is directly associated with M2R, we suggest caveolin-3 as novel regulator of M2R-mediated signaling...

..In conclusion, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are differentially regulated by KGF treatment in vivo, which might result in changes in the biological effects of acetylcholine...

..The close apposition of CHT1 to reported sites of localization of choline acetyltransferase in these cells is strongly in favour of ACh synthesis being fuelled by choline uptake via CHT1 in these epithelia...

..The aim of this study was to test for the hypothesis that a global nicotinic stimulation of pulmonary allograft recipients attenuates acute rejection...

..Therapeutic application of nicotinic agonists might down-modulate pro-inflammatory functions of alveolar macrophages and protect pulmonary transplants...

..Here, we investigated to which extent they are expressed by rat dorsal root ganglion neurons projecting to lung and pleura, respectively...

..Herein, we test the hypothesis that ACh is also produced by leukocytes during the development of CAV...

..Our study provides evidence that PI3-K/Akt is critically involved in mechanotransduction of VSMC in vitro and within the vasculature in vivo. Furthermore, caveolin-1 is essential for the integrin-mediated activation of PI3-K/Akt...

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..Whether the SPHK/S1P signaling pathway is integrated in the muscarinic control of peripheral airways is not known...

..The surprising finding of increased endostatin in the lung presumably contributes to the development of pulmonary hypertension by reduction of angiogenesis...

..The results show the presence of the alpha 7-nAChR subunit in nociceptive rat DRG neurons and provide evidence for its coupling to NOS activation, indicating a role of this pathway in the intraganglionic communication in sensory ganglia...

..The presence of NO indicator in mitochondria suggests the hypoxic regulation of mitochondrial function via NO in glomus cells...

..These ROS originate both from the mitochondrial complex III and from additional, presumably extramitochondrial, sources. Mitochondrial oxygen consumption appears to have impact on oxygen availability at these extramitochondrial sensors...

..This preferential localisation matches well with its anticipated pivotal role in synaptic transmitter recycling and synthesis...

..This observation has novel implications for understanding of vascular proliferative diseases...

..Reduced expression of nerve growth factor may account for the reduced myocardial innervation...

..We hypothesized that rapamycin (RAPA), a potent cell cycle inhibitor, prevents pulmonary hypertension in chronic hypoxic mice...

..These findings were corroborated by current recordings and calcium measurements, which revealed excitatory inward currents and calcium responses in capsaicin sensitive neurons...

..g. lung and pelvic organs...

..This new and efficient method is particularly useful when structural remodeling takes place and is suspected to involve gain or loss of axons...

..This identifies brush cells as cholinergic sensors of the chemical composition of the lower airway luminal microenvironment that are directly linked to the regulation of respiration...

..Inside the blood vessels of the transplant, huge numbers of activated, cytotoxic monocytes accumulate and probably contribute to graft destruction (Grau et al., 2001)...

..With respect to these features and soma size, no further distinction between spinal and vagal afferents became obvious, although this does not exclude elicitation of entirely different responses when these pathways are stimulated...

..In the present study, we determine the nAChR inventory of rat alveolar macrophages (AM), and investigate the cellular events evoked by stimulation with nicotine...

..Presumably, its catalytic activity switches from succinate dehydrogenase to fumarate reductase at reduced oxygen tension, thereby modulating the directionality of the electron flow...

..These data further point to a role of IMD expressed by pericytes in conferring higher susceptibility of the skin of AD patients to inflammatory stimuli...

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..Additionally, c3Ado prevented LPS-induced elevation of serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha levels. Our results imply that c3Ado may prove to have clinical relevance for inflammatory disease processes...

..The data demonstrate a low-output NADPH oxidase system in porcine PAEC sharing several components with that identified in phagocytic cells...

..Thus, alpha7- and/or alpha9/10-nAChRs are required for nicotine-induced NO-production in a subpopulation of DRG neurons, and appear to be partially involved in the remaining, larger subpopulation...

..As tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP-1) expression is regulated by bcl-2, we hypothesized that endothelial expression of PTHrP also regulates the expression of TIMP-1...

..Thus, it appears feasible to design preservation solution specifically to modify HIF-1alpha accumulation and nuclear translocation...

..The polarized epithelial response to LPS may be part of the lung innate immune system, activated by inhaled endotoxin or under conditions of pneumonia...

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..The compound could, therefore, contribute to the marked depigmentation observed during the course of pityriasis versicolor...

..The early embryo is able to induce the formation of secretory cells, modify vascularization, and downregulate speed of transport, thus creating the prerequisite for the first embryo-maternal communication in the oviduct...

..Morphological and morphometrical analysis of a series of fenestrae belonging to these structures revealed that they are identical to the usual chains of fenestrae in the attenuated periphery of the endothelial cells...

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..Its in situ distribution is unknown and is reported here in comparison with that of eNOS and neuronal NOS for the rat gastrointestinal tract...

..Until new methods are being developed, the unbiased estimates of capillary volume, and surface area should be preferred...

..The size of the secondary reagent (F(ab')2 vs whole antibody) has no major influence. In conclusion, CLSM-FRET can measure close spatial association of proteins in situ and can be applied to human surgical material...

..In conclusion, bladder afferent neurons express different subtypes of mAChRs (M2R, M3R and M4R). Thus, processing of sensory information from the bladder appears to be under direct cholinergic control...

..The data show that dorsal root ganglion neurons coexpress alpha9 and alpha10 nicotinic receptor subunits, thereby providing the first example of neuronal expression of this receptor subunit pair...

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..These findings suggest that an induction of sensory neuropeptides in nodose ganglion neurons is crucially involved in the increase of airway hyperreactivity in the late response to allergen challenge...

..The occurrence of muscarinic receptors in putative nociceptive I-B4-positive neurons suggests the involvement of these acetylcholine receptors in the modulation of processing of nociceptive stimuli...

..The detection of VAChT and ChAT mRNA and the demonstration of ChAT protein in vitro and in situ suggest that the endothelium is an endogenous source of ACh in the pulmonary vasculature...

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..Thus, the successful combination of immunostaining and laser-assisted cell picking remarkably improves cell type-specific analysis of gene expression within complex tissues...

..Guatteo, E., Macinelli, E. and Ferroni, A., Muscarinic regulation of Ca2+ currents in rat sensory neurons: channel and receptor types, dose-response relationships and cross-talk pathways. Eur. J. Neurosci., 6 (1994) 381-391)...

..The results obtained with isolated cardiomyocytes suggest that myocyte-derived NO, rather than vascular NO, is responsible for this effect. cGMP seems to be the downstream signal of produced NO...

..In conclusion, VR1 is not neuron-specific but is transiently expressed on cardiomyocytes during ontogeny thereby pointing to a developmental role of this cation channel...

..Chronic stimulation of nAChR by nicotine might result in unbalanced receptor activation or functional desensitisation followed by the known pathological effects of smoking...

..It can prevent the loss of endothelial barrier function under conditions of energy depletion. Its effect seems related to a modification of the paracellular passageways in endothelial monolayers...

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..The calcium/calmodulin-dependent phosphodiesterase 1 (PDE1) may play a major role in vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation...

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..2004; Papadopolou et al., 2004). To this end, calcium-imaging and double-labeling immunofluorescence with nAChR alpha-subunit-specific antibodies, in combination with markers for nociceptive neurons (TRPV1, I-B4), were applied...

..The skin cholinergic signalling system is modulated in atopic dermatitis (AD)...

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..Given the important role of muscarinic cholinergic mechanisms in pulmonary disease, these findings should be of considerable therapeutic relevance...

..Our results indicate an additional non-neuronal expression of nAChR subunits in the rat heart that, as in skeletal muscle, precedes functional innervation and then undergoes changes in its distribution on the surface of cells...