Hans Gert Bernstein

..basalis of Meynert were immunopositive for IDE. Our anatomical data suggest that the enzyme is associated with typical neuropathologic hallmarks of AD and its expression appears up-regulated in some brain areas...

..Thus, NO and its metabolites are not suitable diagnostic tools to distinguish schizophrenia from psychically healthy control cases or from other brain disorders...

..However, no histological study has been published on the cellular distribution of S100B in the brain of individuals with schizophrenia to clarify this hypothesis...

..Antidepressants appear to contribute to cellular activation in the rostral part of the dorsal raphe...

..3, a gene locus which has been linked to schizophrenia, and some of its putative substrates are altered in schizophrenia...

..The latter assumption finds some support by data obtained in rats with ventral hippocampus lesion...

..In schizophrenics fewer pyramidal cells but more interneurons were immunostained. Our data point to an involvement of the protein in the altered hippocampal circuitry in schizophrenia...

..Our data show that NRG-1alpha expression is lower in the adult human brain than in the developing brain, and, therefore, support a role for NRG-1alpha in brain development...

..Therefore, the hypothesis of microglial activation during acute psychosis was proposed. Alternatively, "suicide" could be a diagnosis-independent factor leading to microgliosis...

..Possibly, existing deficits of GABAergic neurotransmission will be compensated or overcompensated by antidepressants. Additionally, albeit speculative, an imbalance between GABA production and transport might be of relevance...

..In conclusion, the present data suggest the absence of microgliosis but decreased cerebral lateralization of ameboid microglia in schizophrenia...

..A new mechanism of antipsychotic action is suggested, which may help to establish new oligodendrocyte-directed therapies of schizophrenia...

..037, r = -0.9). The histopathological abnormality of the decreased neuronal density in the lateral septal nucleus, which is an important limbic region involved in emotions, might be a neuropathological correlate of bipolar disorder...

..While neuron birth is largely completed by the end of gestation, granule neurons of the dentate gyrus are generated throughout life, thus offering an opportunity to investigate neurogenesis postnatally...

..Thus, ADAM12 may be regarded a new suitable marker for this cell type...

..However, studies on S100B in the human brain are rare. Thus, the distribution of S100B was studied by immunohistochemistry in adult human brains to evaluate its cell-type specificity...

..These peripheral immune processes may be accompanied by microglial activation in subregions of the anterior cingulate cortex where depression-associated alterations of glutamatergic neurotransmission have been described...

..Taken together, the present results suggest that schizophrenia is associated with a moderate volume reduction in the left mediodorsal thalamic nucleus, while the neuron density and the total neuron number are unchanged...

..In conclusion, physiological S100B levels in humans appear to closely reflect adipose tissue mass, which should therefore be considered as an important confounding factor in clinical studies examining the role of S100B...

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..Some immunolabeling was also present in the neurohypophysis. The putative importance of the distribution of the enzyme in brain and pituitary is discussed in relation to its main known substrates, insulin, Abeta, and beta-endorphin...

..However, in the MB parvalbumin labels a subpopulation of glutamate/aspartate-containing neurons projecting mainly to the anterior thalamus. Thus, our data provide new evidence for impaired limbic circuits in schizophrenia...

..Correlation between reduced MBP as a sign of down-regulated MBP gene expression and disorganization of pre-alpha-cell clusters supports a neurodevelopmental origin of pathological processes in schizophrenia...

..5% glutaraldehyde, followed by sucrose protection of the specimens. We show herein that there are indeed nitric oxide synthase-containing neurons in the human septum, thus supporting results from previous biochemical studies...

..In addition to disease stage or subtype and medication, cigarette smoking and stress are important co-factors...

..Reduced NRG-1alpha protein concentrations were found in brains of schizophrenics after Western blot analysis. The diminished expression of NRG-1alpha strongly supports an early neurodevelopmental component to schizophrenia...

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..Further to this, we discuss a possible link between the pathogenesis of depression and changed neuronal plasticity in the SVZ...

..While GAD has been studied in several brain regions, its expression in the posterior hippocampus formation has not been investigated in schizophrenia...

..In addition we found no segregation of np65 immunolabel in hippocampal subregions like it was reported previously for the rat. These results might indicate different cellular functions of the molecule in different species...

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..G., Braunewell, K.-H., Spilker, C., Danos, P., Baumann, B., Funke, S., Diekmann, S., Gundelfinger, E.D. and Bogerts, B., NeuroReport, 13 (2002) 393-396]...

..These observations add to existing evidence for a de-regulation of neuronal Ca(2+)-signaling in schizophrenia...

..Our study demonstrates that schizophrenia might involve increased COMT expression in glial cells in the frontal cortex, which might be associated with a neuronal-glial abnormality and a disturbed dopamine-glutamate interaction...

..Moreover, there is no consistent evidence for a correlation between disease severity and concentrations of S100B in CSF or serum. Therefore, S100B has limited usefulness for monitoring disease progression...

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..However, the findings of a substantial volume reduction of the THAL suggest that the volumes of additional thalamic nuclei may be also reduced in schizophrenia...

..It remains to be elucidated if the numerical decrease of this particular subset of hippocampal interneurons has consequences for the gamma (20-80 Hz) frequency activity in DLB patients...

..In conclusion our data suggest that pathways presumably involved in mood regulation have structural pathology in affective disorders with more pronounced abnormalities in bipolar disorder...

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..Furthermore, it might contribute to the altered metabolism of certain neuropeptides (IGF-I and IGF-II, beta-endorphin), in schizophrenia...

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..Our findings support the idea that ADAM 10 is involved in the pathophysiology of AD and DS. ADAM 15 might be linked to AD via interaction with integrin and/or src protein tyrosine kinases...

..Meanwhile, specific interaction of p42IP4 with nucleolin, another player in AD pathology, has been revealed. Based on these data, we propose alternative concepts of how p42IP4 might act in AD pathomechanisms...

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..The reported increased expression of agmatinase suggests a functional relevance of the enzyme in the pathophysiology of human affective disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Anxiety and Depression'...

..The present results suggest that the total neuron number of the left VLp is reduced in the schizophrenia group, which may reflect disturbed cerebello-thalamocortical and basal ganglia-thalamocortical circuits in this disease...

..Our study focused on its scavenger, soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products (sRAGE). Given the benefits of sRAGE in metabolic and inflammatory diseases, we hypothesized a similar effect in schizophrenia...

..The results suggest DRN neurons hypoactivity specific for suicide. Whether observed phenomenon is a "common trait" existing also in other diagnostic groups of mental disorders remains an open question...

..Decreased immunostaining in AD cortex point to Sgt1 as a possible marker of neurons degenerating in AD...

..We therefore conclude that calmyrin will not contribute significantly as a Ca(2+)-sensor that transduces Ca(2+)-signaling events to PS2 in forebrain...

..01) was found, but not in patients with affective disorder (P = 0.53). The finding of enlarged CSP in schizophrenia strongly supports the hypothesis of an early developmental abnormality in this key structure of the limbic system...

..028). The results suggest that regionally differentiated depression- and suicide-specific disturbed function of the most important AC output cells exists in depressive patients...

..The multiple localizations of SHBG suggest neurohypophyseal and neuroendocrine functions. The biochemical data suggest that CSF SHBG is of brain rather than blood origin...

..Therefore proteins such as p42(IP4), central players in signaling, may be appropriate targets for preventing neurodegenerative processes...

..Therefore, one prerequisite for functional studies in rodent models aimed at elucidation of mechanisms with relevance for humans can be based on the present findings...

..The prominent localization of spermidine/spermine in neurosecretory neurons might point to a functional role different from channel/receptor modification. In these neurons, polyamines might be involved in secretory processes...