K Eder

..However, the various biological effects of oxysterols such as cytotoxicity, atherogenicity or mutagenicity suggest that other genes may be also affected by oxysterols than lipid metabolism...

..In conclusion, the study shows that dietary oxidized fat influences the cholesterol metabolism and the susceptibility of LDL to lipid peroxidation; the latter can be modified by dietary vitamins E and C...

..The study also suggests that L-carnitine L-tartrate is absorbed faster than the other L-carnitine compounds...

..However, the effects of these factors were not only influenced by interactions between each other, but also depended on the treatment of the muscle and the type of muscle...

..The study suggests that oxidized fats contain substances that suppress gene expression of lipogenic enzymes in the liver...

..The results of the study suggest that an excessive vitamin E intake, when combined with salmon oil in the diet, lowers the activities of antioxidant enzymes in erythrocytes without affecting in vivo hemolysis...

..The results show that feeding the CLA oil reduced the formation of arachidonic acid and eicosanoids but enhanced the formation of long chain (n-3) PUFA and their incorporation into tissue lipids when compared with feeding SFO or HO-SFO...

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..Therefore, it is suggested that those animals were able to synthesize endogenous sufficient choline...

..1) and the supply of selenium (expt. 2). Our results confirm that oxidized dietary fats raise the plasma thyroxine concentration and show that this phenomenon is independent of the vitamin E and selenium status...

..In conclusion, this study suggests that trans-10,cis-12 CLA has significant effects on the metabolism of essential fatty acids in HepG2 cells, whereas cis-9, trans-11 CLA does not have any effect in this respect...

..The study also shows that L-carnitine supplementation of their diets improves the growth performance in light piglets of primiparous sows...

..This in turn increases carnitine concentrations in liver and muscle probably by enhancing carnitine uptake into cells...

..It is also shown that PPAR-alpha activation by clofibrate does not affect hepatic expression of SREBP target genes involved in synthesis of triglycerides and cholesterol homeostasis in liver and adipose tissue of pigs...

..The hypocholesterolaemic effect of fish protein might be in part caused by a stimulation of bile acid synthesis; the reason for the hypocholesterolaemic effect of potato protein requires further elucidation...

..These effects were independent of the dietary fat. In conclusion, the study suggests that dietary oxidized cholesterol stresses the antioxidant defense system in rats...

..05) during lactation than control sows. In conclusion, this study shows that L-carnitine increases milk production and litter gains in sows in a strongly negative energy and N balance, and enhances body fat mobilisation...

..Because clofibrate treatment strongly reduced food intake in the hens, some of these effects (i.e., egg production) may have been due to a low energy and nutrient intake...

..Up-regulation of SREBP and its target genes in liver and small intestine suggests that the oxidised fat could stimulate synthesis of cholesterol and TAG in these tissues...

..The present study supports the hypothesis that nutrients acting as PPARalpha agonists influence whole-body carnitine homeostasis...

..CLA lead to an accumulation of TAG and cholesterol in the liver of hens by mechanisms to be elucidated in further studies...

..The study shows that megadoses of vitamin E, far from having pro-oxidative activity, actually increase the anti-oxidative capacity of the liver, especially after ingestion of salmon oil...

..It also shows that PPAR alpha mediates changes of whole-body carnitine homeostasis in mice by upregulation of carnitine transporters and enzymes involved in carnitine synthesis...

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..The triacylglycerol-lowering effect of pork protein compared with casein is suggested to be caused by decreased hepatic fatty acid synthesis...

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..CONCLUSION: The results demonstrated that supplementation of vitamins E and C improves the vitamin E status but does not prevent the formation of lipid oxidation products in the liver of guinea pigs fed oxidised fats...

..In conclusion, the data of this study suggest, that dietary oxidized cholesterol affects VLDL assembly and/or secretion by reducing the synthesis of MTP but not by impairing hepatic lipogenesis or synthesis of apolipoprotein B...

..In conclusion, this study shows that l-carnitine supplementation does not improve the reproductive performance of rats...

..In conclusion, the present study suggests that dietary methionine induces hypercholesterolaemia at least in part via an enhanced hepatic cholesterol synthesis...

..These findings show that fish protein had multiple effects on plasma and liver lipids that were at least in part caused by an altered expression of the hepatic genes involved in lipid homeostasis...

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..Alterations in cholesterol metabolism could not be explained on the basis of mRNA data...

..In conclusion, the present study shows that mouse OCTN2 is a direct target gene of PPARalpha and that transcriptional upregulation of OCTN2 by PPARalpha is likely mediated via PPRE1 in its first intron...

..The results of the present study suggest that both CLA isomers had unfavorable effects on endothelial function...

..It is concluded that nonproliferating species are also able to cover their increased demand for carnitine during fasting by an increased carnitine synthesis and uptake into cells...

..CONCLUSION: The rat model used here shows that dietary oxidized fats affect the morphology and the function of the thyroid gland, irrespective of the dietary iodine supply...

..Thus, the study demonstrates that feeding an oxidized oil causes several alterations of lipid and fatty acid metabolism which might be of great physiologic relevance...

..Thus, the present study aimed to explore the effect of oxidized frying oil on PPARgamma DNA-binding and proinflammatory responses in intestinal epithelial cells...

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..These results suggest that feeding a high iron diet does not generally affect the antioxidant status of rats but enhances the formation of COP, particularly if the diet is rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids...

..This study suggests that anti-atherogenic effects of CLA observed in vivo are probably not mediated by reduced monocyte-endothelial cell interactions...

..In conclusion, it is suggested that the requirement of standardized ileal digestible tryptophan for growing pigs might be higher than currently assumed...

..The mechanism through which CLA inhibits expression of fatty acid transporters deserves further study...

..05). Because the production of hydrogen peroxide is rate-limiting for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, it is suggested that 13-HPODE could have an impact on the formation of thyroid hormones in the thyroid gland...

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..This study shows that the Vitabor cultivar of blue lupin had the most beneficial effect on plasma lipids which was presumed to have been caused by the down-regulation of genes involved in lipid synthesis...

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..We conclude that PPARalpha agonists increase carnitine concentrations in livers of rats and cells by an increased uptake of carnitine into the cell but not by an increased carnitine biosynthesis...

..05). This study shows that piglets born to sows supplemented with L-carnitine are able to suckle for longer, which enables them to obtain more milk and grow faster than piglets born to control sows...

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..In this study, we tested the hypothesis that fasting and caloric restriction, conditions under which PPARalpha activation also occurs, cause similar effects...

..This study shows that OF prevents an alcohol-induced triacylglycerol accumulation in rats possibly by upregulation of hepatic PPARalpha-responsive genes involved in oxidation of fatty acids, whereas CLA does not exert such an effect...

..The study, moreover, indicates that an oxidized fat impairs normal metabolic adaptations during lactation, which promote the utilization of metabolic substrates by the mammary gland for the synthesis of milk...

..05). In conclusion, this study shows that feeding oxidized oils to lactating rats does not affect lipogenic enzymes in mammary glands but reduces the triglyceride concentrations in their milk...

..Overall, the study shows that dietary supplementation with L-carnitine during pregnancy and lactation improves the reproductive performance of sows over several reproductive cycles, independent of the age of the sows...

..In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that supplementation of molasses is effective at raising HDL cholesterol levels in rats...

..10). The study suggests that piglets of carnitine-treated sows grow faster during the suckling period than those of control sows because they ingest more nutrients and energy with the milk...

..This effect seems not to be mediated by effects on plasma lipoproteins, homocysteine and circulating minerals...

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..However, two of them activated MAP-kinase signaling similar to the hydrolysates, which suggests, that these peptides are involved in cyp7a regulation by the casein hydrolysates...

..In conclusion, regarding the biological activity reported for CD20:2t12c14 and other metabolites of CLA, the present results indicate that metabolites of CLA are possibly also involved in mediating the anti-atherogenic actions of CLA...

..This study investigates the effects of cysteine on expression of SREBP-regulated hepatic genes...

..05). In conclusion, the present study shows that administration of clofibrate to rats increases carnitine absorption in small intestine which is probably due to the observed upregulation of OCTN2 mediated by activation of PPARalpha...

..This suggests that CLA isomers are ineffective in MMP-associated extracellular matrix degradation which is thought to contribute to the progression and rupture of advanced atherosclerotic plaques...

..With respect to the effects of CLA on experimental atherosclerosis, our findings suggest that the anti-inflammatory effect of CLA is at least partially responsible for the anti-atherogenic effects of CLA observed in vivo...

..05). In conclusion, the present study showed that CLA isomers reduce cholesterol accumulation in RAW264.7 macrophage-derived foam cells presumably by enhancing lipid acceptor-dependent cholesterol efflux...

..g., coronary arteries or systemic vasculature (aorta), but partially depends on the pathophysiological status of SMCs. The observed anti-inflammatory effect of CLAs may contribute to the anti-atherogenic actions of CLA...

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..However, it provides no explanation for the outcome of most human studies reporting unaltered or even increased plasma and LDL cholesterol concentrations in response to supplementation with CLA...

..Methionine effects on adult rats and mechanisms by which methionine alters the lipid metabolism are not fully elucidated. We investigated possible mechanisms by which dietary methionine acts on lipid metabolism of adult rats...

..This might be the reason for reduced growth rates and an increased mortality of suckling pups...

..In conclusion, in view of the experimental conditions used here, increased plasma and tissue concentrations of Hcy do not alter cholesterol metabolism of liver and intestine...

..The method was applied successfully to the determination of cholesterol and COPs in processed foods such as pork, beef, chicken, and egg...

..The second objective was to investigate the hypothesis that reduced plasma carnitine concentrations during gestation are caused by a reduced carnitine synthesis because of a diminished iron status...

..Consequently, cellular and secreted triglyceride levels were not changed after incubation of HepG2 cells with 13-HPODE. In conclusion, this study shows that 13-HPODE activates PPARalpha in rat Fao but not in human HepG2 hepatoma cells...

..In conclusion, data of this study do not support the hypothesis that L-carnitine supplementation of sows during pregnancy enhances fetal muscle fibre development and increases postnatal growth capability of the offspring...

..It is moreover concluded that CLA concentrations in fetal blood lipids are related with maternal CLA intake...

..In conclusion, we could show a novel link between PPARalpha and cholesterol metabolism by demonstrating that PPARalpha activation lowers cholesterol concentration by reducing the abundance of nuclear SREBP-2...

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..Furthermore, the present results also indicate that an increased carnitine biosynthesis also contributes to the clofibrate-induced increase in hepatic carnitine concentration...

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..Polyunsaturated fatty acids stimulate collagen formation through NF-kappaB activation...

..These findings show that milk composition does not play a major role for the increased postnatal growth of piglets from sows supplemented with L-carnitine observed in recent studies...

..In wild-type mice, treatment with WY 14,643 increased mRNA concentrations of MCT1 in liver, kidney and small intestine whereas no up-regulation was observed in PPARalpha-null mice...

..The animals' endogenous carnitine synthesis was obviously adequate to ensure efficient beta-oxidation of fatty acids during the catabolic phase...