A B Miller

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..The findings from this analysis can be regarded as re-enforcing recommendations with regard to enhanced fruit consumption for populations. However, the effect is likely to be small compared to smoking cessation...

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..Breast self-examination was taught to all participants...

..The efficacy of breast cancer screening in women age 40 to 49 years remains controversial...

..However, it will require prolonged study to enable the overall effects on quality of life, and on cost-effectiveness to be determined. Such studies are ongoing for the two trials...

..To study the association between alcohol consumption and risk of benign proliferative epithelial disorders (BPED) of the breast (conditions which are thought to have premalignant potential)...

..Increased diagnostic efforts with a higher precision in the future are warranted...

..The study suggests that dietary intakes of energy and most major nutrients are not related to the risk of endometrial cancer among Canadian women...

..945, 0.915-0.976). The effect of alcohol from beer was not significant in the two categories studied. Although our results were statistically significant, the magnitude of the change in risk was small...

..The present study was conducted to examine the relationship between obesity and all-cause mortality in women...

..Although exposure to both 60 Hz electric and magnetic fields can be characterized in many ways, to date, risk assessment has been performed by using only a limited number of exposure indices...

..The low incidence could be explained by the Inuit diet and other lifestyle factors. These benefits should be preserved, in particular in the young, to maintain a low breast cancer incidence...

..43 (0.68-3.01 )), but not in a dose-dependent manner. The results were similar when examined separately in the screened and control arms of the NBSS and for screen-detected and interval-detected BPED...

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..50, 95% CI = 1.14-5.49). Our findings did not support an association between leukemia and proximity to power lines with high current configuration...

..For others, prudent avoidance or exposures as low as reasonably achievable are appropriate approaches. Research on how to impact deeply ingrained lifestyle and cultural factors has high priority...

..We studied the associations between c-erbB-2 protein overexpression and p53 protein accumulation in benign breast tissue and the risk of subsequent breast cancer...

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..Therefore, it will be important to consider dietary patterns and other lifestyle parameters when investigating the health effects of alcohol intake in the future...

..The smoking pattern among Inuit, possibly combined with co-factors related to environment and diet, are believed to be the relevant causal factors...

..Where population-based cancer registry data are available, it becomes clear that the individual risk for women at every age is no greater than in the West, and in many countries much less...

..Recommendations for dietary modification, congruent with recommendations for the prevention of cardiovascular and other chronic diseases, are now appropriate...

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..In addition to an overall inverse association with fruit intake, the results of this evaluation add evidence for a significant inverse association of vegetable consumption and lung cancer incidence in smokers...

..If women choose mammography screening, they should understand that their risk of dying in the next few years may not be reduced...

..Because of the rather high-risk estimate, research on possible intrinsic biological effects of this compound should be encouraged...

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..To examine associations between non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL) and exposures to 60 Hz magnetic and electric fields in electric utility workers with a series of indices that capture a variety of aspects of field strength...

..There are major potential harms as well as benefits from screening. The current state of art for breast, cervix and prostate cancer screening is reviewed, only for breast and cervix are policies of screening in the population justified...

..This article reviews colorectal cancer screening from an epidemiologist's perspective to provide the theoretic evidence-based underpinning for the role of the gastroenterologist in colorectal screening...

..The purpose of this paper is to outline the short-, medium- and long-term requirements of a strategy to evaluate the impact of HPV immunization and to define a framework to facilitate planning and evaluation...

..We conclude we have reached the stage in nutritional cancer epidemiology where we need to concentrate more on applying the lessons we have learnt, than in seeking new aetiological associations...

..This evaluation aims to describe the quantity and quality of dietary fat, carbohydrate and fiber intake in both German cohorts participating in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC)...

..However, we cannot rule out the possibility that our results are due to residual confounding by smoking. The primary focus for reducing lung cancer incidence should continue to be smoking prevention and cessation...

..Method of detection appears to be an important prognostic factor, even after adjusting for known tumor characteristics. This finding suggests that clinical trialists should routinely collect information about method of detection...

..The results generally did not differ across studies or by sex, smoking habits and lung cancer cell type. In conclusion, these data do not support the hypothesis that intakes of vitamins A, C and E and folate reduce lung cancer risk...

..Associations for total fruits and vegetables were similar for different histologic types. These results suggest that fruit and vegetable consumption in adulthood has no important association with the risk of ovarian cancer...

..47-1.19, p(trend)=0.48). Our data raise the possibility that relatively long duration of oral contraceptive use may be inversely associated with risk among women with a family history of breast cancer...

..Given the paucity of epidemiological data regarding the relationship between dietary glycaemic index and glycaemic load and endometrial cancer risk, we sought to examine these associations using data from a prospective cohort study...

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..However, further cohort studies with repeated measurement of iron intake are warranted...

..6-34.1%. Enrolled women had above average risk. Screening sensitivity in both arms was high. A benefit of mammography screening is supported by our modeling of the CNBSS-2 results...

..Therefore, we examined ovarian cancer risk in association with GI and GL, and intake of dietary carbohydrate and sugar...

..13, 95% CL = 1.01-1.25). These results strongly suggest that cigarette smoking might play an important role in the etiology of breast cancer, particularly when initiated relatively early in life and when engaged in for long durations...

..To investigate the association between dietary carotenoid intake and lung cancer risk in women...

..Our results add to the limited existing evidence that certain reproductive and hormonal factors may be associated with lung cancer risk in women...

..00). The associations observed were generally similar across studies, for both sexes, and for colon cancer and rectal cancer. These pooled data did not suggest that carotenoids play an important role in the etiology of colorectal cancer...

..The proposed methods are illustrated using data from two large breast cancer screening trials. The results show that the screening sensitivity increases with age at screening examinations based on these two trials...

..However, given the limited literature regarding the role of diet in the etiology of pancreatic cancer, particularly with respect to glycemic index/load, further investigation is warranted...

..51; P(trend) =.66) for total carbohydrates, and 1.03 (95% CI = 0.73 to 1.44; P(trend) =.71) for total sugar. Our data do not support the hypothesis that diets high in glycemic load, carbohydrates, or sugar increase colorectal cancer risk...

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..To date, however, only one prospective cohort study has examined dietary carotenoids other than beta-carotene in relation to breast cancer risk...

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..Overall, our data lend some support to the hypothesis that high folate intake is associated with a reduced risk of colorectal cancer...

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..However, given the lack of a dose-response relationship and the potential for confounding, studies with more complete assessment of exogenous hormone use throughout the life course are needed to clarify this association...

..Statistical power to examine associations by colon site has been limited in previous studies...

..During a mean 16.4 years of follow-up, we observed 264 incident ovarian cancer cases. Total dietary fiber and fiber fractions were not associated with ovarian cancer risk in this study population...

..62, 95% CI = 0.95-2.75, P(trend) = 0.06). Given the pervasive use of these beverages, the associations between coffee and tea consumption and ovarian cancer risk warrant investigation in further prospective studies...

..Our objective was to evaluate the risk of breast cancer associated with meat and dairy food consumption and to assess whether non-dietary risk factors modify the relation...

..Although many studies have investigated the association between anthropometry and ovarian cancer risk, results have been inconsistent...

..However, the results do not support an association with colon cancer risk, even with smoking of very long duration and high intensity...

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..However, given that this is the first prospective cohort study of carotenoids in relation to colorectal cancer, further studies are warranted...

..These data do not support an important relation between fat or cholesterol intakes and lung cancer risk. The means to prevent this important disease remains avoidance of smoking...

..Studies in animals have suggested that calcium may reduce the risk of colorectal cancer. However, results from epidemiologic studies of intake of calcium or dairy foods and colorectal cancer risk have been inconclusive...

..The present study provides little support for associations with hormonal factors, smoking, or alcohol consumption, but there is a need for additional prospective data...

..We examined pancreatic cancer risk in association with hormonal and reproductive factors in a prospective cohort study of 89,835 Canadian women, aged 40-59 at recruitment, who were enrolled in the National Breast Screening Study (NBSS)...

..Additional prospective studies are needed to confirm our findings...

..Although smoking is the primary cause of lung cancer, much is unknown about lung cancer etiology, including risk determinants for nonsmokers and modifying factors for smokers...

..Although case-control studies have reported conflicting results for dairy foods and lactose, several cohort studies have shown positive associations between skim milk, lactose, and ovarian cancer...

..22 (95% CI 0.99-1.59). Our findings suggest that smoking of very long duration and high intensity may be associated with increased risk of breast cancer...

..Most of the methods used in the Pooling Project may be adapted for examining associations with dietary and nondietary factors in pooled analyses of case-control studies or case-control and cohort studies combined...

..These results suggest that consumption of the major carotenoids during adulthood does not play a major role in the incidence of ovarian cancer...

..However, findings related to specific alcoholic beverages or different anatomic sites in the large bowel have been inconsistent...