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..Pain relief rates after 2 hours were 28% for placebo, 62% for zolmitriptan, and 69% for ibuprofen (p < 0.05). Both drugs are well tolerated with only mild side effects...

..The musical ability as measured by the Seashore test was not impaired. We conclude that the language dominance of the hemisphere is not primarily relevant for the development of musical hallucinations...

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..In HIV-infected patients, the CSF penetrance properties of HAART do not have any significant influence on cognitive processing as measured by event-related potentials...

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..Further studies are needed for a definite evaluation of subgroups with probable benefit from such a treatment and for the comparison of botulinum toxin with other migraine prophylactic drugs...

..Migraine is among the 10 most disabling disorders worldwide. Besides acute attack treatment, drug prophylaxis of migraine is important in order to improve the quality of life...

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..Lithium shows the best efficacy; indomethacin, flunarizine, and caffeine may also be useful...

..Our data suggest that ischaemic cerebrovascular events are more common in HIV infected patients than in the general population and that a part of these events might be caused by HIV associated vasculitis or vasculopathy...

..These data suggest that in patients with sexual headache the metabolic rather than the myogenic component of the cerebral vasoneuronal coupling is impaired...

..Migraine is one of the most frequent disabling neurological conditions with a major impact on the patients' quality of life...

..Pain therapy is not an obligatory subject of undergraduate medical education in Germany...

..g., problems of genetic classification) are discussed...

..Drugs of second choice for migraine prophylaxis are amitriptyline, naproxen, petasites, and bisoprolol...

..This may in part contribute to vascular side-effects of this compound. Acetylsalicylic acid and the triptans appeared to be safe with respect to platelet and erythrocyte aggregation...

..These recommendations are based on the commentary of the German DRG procedures and are aimed to establish uniform coding of neuromanifestations...

..This should be considered in the future design of acute drug trials in childhood migraine...

..All changes in alterations of cognitive processing in cluster headache are demonstrated to be mild and do not relevantly contribute to the clinical picture of this disease...

..In conclusion, musical hallucinations are a phenomenon with heterogeneous clinical and pathophysiological backgrounds...

..Future studies should focus on the efficacy of botulinum toxin A in specific subgroups of patients, on the efficacy of repetitive injections, and on other injection sites...

..All family members investigated and affected by RLS are also affected by HD, but not vice versa. The association of HD and RLS is discussed with respect to dopaminergic dysfunction...

..Symptoms promptly resolve after haemodialysis or after glucose and insulin infusion. Only three out of 18 patients reviewed died, because of cardiopulmonary complications. Thus the prognosis of secondary hyperkalaemic paralysis is good...

..A review of the literature revealed three similar patients with other types of cerebrovascular events, such as paradoxical cerebral embolism due to a patent foramen ovale and spinal epidural hematoma during trumpet playing...

..Our data suggest that perception of unpleasant music induces increased release and decreased peripheral and possibly also central intracellular content of 5-HT...

..Most of the drugs used in the treatment of migraine in children are well tolerated and without relevant adverse effects. In migraine prophylaxis, the most common adverse effects are drowsiness and bodyweight gain...

..Treatment is based on education, withdrawal treatment (detoxification), and prophylactic treatment. It also includes management of withdrawal headache...

..The progressing immunological deficiency of HIV-infected patients seems to influence pain processing of primary headache types in different ways...

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..This phenomenon cannot be attributed to serotonergic transmission. In patients with regular changes of cognitive habituation before the migraine attack, it might be possible to predict the attack by analysing ERPs...

..Furthermore, our data provide strong evidence that ergotamine, besides its peripheral effects, has a central mode of action...

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..The possible links between FHM and HC are discussed. The pedigree gives further evidence that cyclic syndromes in childhood belong to the spectrum of migraine...

..Recent epidemiological research suggests that these headache disorders are underdiagnosed...

..After operative occlusion of the foramen ovale, the symptoms disappeared and no microembolic signals could be detected...

..While measuring PAPs is not an appropriate method by which to differentiate between headache disorders, it allows assessment of autonomic disturbances in primary and drug-induced headache...

..Flunarizine or propranolol are recommended for children...

..We aimed to determine the impact of rTMS on (neuro)endocrinological serum levels by a placebo-controlled cross-over study...

..Withdrawal symptoms can be treated with steroids; however, not all data support this concept. As MOH can severely affect the quality of life of patients, it needs to be recognised early to enable appropriate treatment to be initiated...

..Despite its extreme severity and its prevalence of about 0.1%, little attention has been paid to this painful syndrome by either basic or clinical research...

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..No controlled studies are available for the treatment of further headache types. First line methods for the non-drug treatment of headache in childhood are relaxation therapies, biofeedback, and specific training schedules...

..In one case, hypnic headache was also associated with periodic limb movements. Although mean nocturnal oxygen saturation was decreased in another patient, nightly oxygen inhalation did not result in an improvement of the headache...

..Further studies are needed for a definite evaluation of subgroups with benefit from such treatment...

..Problems of interactions between HAART and the substances used for pain therapy via the cytochrome P450 system represents a special therapeutic problem during HAART in order to avoid development of resistance by the HIV...

..In addition, we compared the characteristics of patients who experienced provoked seizures only with those of patients who developed epilepsy...

..Patients with HSA type 2 have a loss of cognitive habituation as measured by ERP. This specific information processing is very similar to that in migraine observed in previous studies...

..For patients with longer-lasting bouts or with chronic HSA, prophylactic treatment with beta-blockers or preemptive therapy with indomethacin are often successful...

..The efficacy of sumatriptan in this condition needs still to be clarified, although there is evidence for partial efficacy. Carbamazepine and oxygen did not show any significant influence on chronic paroxysmal hemicrania...

..S: To provide data on the demography, clinical features, and comorbidity of headache associated with sexual activity (HSA)...

..Thus, neither our study nor the meta-analysis support Geschwind and Behan's hypothesis of an association between migraine and left-handedness...

..Knowledge of side effects and interactions of HAART with antiepileptics, antidepressants, and analgetics are essential for the treatment of patients with neuro-AIDS...

..Therefore, the authors aimed to provide evidence-based recommendations for the treatment of CPSP...

..This study suggests that LEV-iv may be a safe and efficacious treatment of SE. Prospective and controlled trials are imperative to confirm these preliminary findings...

..During the course of HIV infection, the majority of patients develop opportunistic cerebral neuro-manifestations. If conventional diagnostic tools are not sufficient, a stereotactic biopsy is often necessary...

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..In the following, the typical clinical and radiological features of several AIDS-related pathologies are presented and discussed...

..HIV-associated polymyositis is treated by non-steroid analgetics, corticoids, immunoglobulines and plasmapheresis, myopathy induced by neurotoxic medication analogous to polyneuropathy...

..Because prolongation of ERP might in part reflect HIVE, we conclude that this condition represents an indication for HAART...

..Trial Registration controlled-trials.com Identifier ISCRTN27362692...

..There is no evidence for an activation of the trigeminovascular system in CH. It can be concluded that CH is not just a migraine variant triggered by neck dysfunction but a functional entity...

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..We investigated the prevalence and severity of neurophysiological abnormalities in LTS...

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..In patients who chose to predict their sexual activity, short-term prophylaxis with oral triptans 30 min before sexual activity might be a therapeutic option in those not responsive to or not tolerating indomethacin...

..In addition, the prevalence of HSA in the general population can be estimated to average around at least 0.9%, which concurs with previously published data...

..While psychosomatic factors may be involved in eliciting as well as coping with chronic itch, psychiatric comorbidity often goes unrecognized in dermatological patients...

..Proton CSI may therefore serve as an early quantitative marker of central nervous system involvement in AIDS...

..We conclude that the facilitating effects of rTMS on cognitive processing can be proven even by objective neurophysiological measures...

..In peripheral nerves they may be responsible for some of the common alterations in the development of AIDS-associated distal symmetric polyneuropathy...

..Diagnosis of CH should adhere strictly to the published diagnostic criteria to avoid misdiagnosis and confusion with primary headache disorders such as migraine and tension type headache...

..It was the aim of this study to analyze a group of patients with a standardized surgical procedure of enucleation concerning the incidence of PEP and its relation to further preoperative and postoperative data...

..In certain cases, clinical differentiation between CEH and migraine without aura is difficult. Plasma CGRP levels might serve as a biological marker to distinguish the two headache entities...

..Therefore, we were interested in the impact of different monoamine reuptake inhibitors on ERP...

..Performance on memory tasks has been reported to correlate with disease activity, but memory in MG patients was also recently found to be unimpaired...

..Except for the latter, they were included in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders and are described in this article...

..However, our results suggest that this gene mutation plays an aetiological role in the subgroup of patients suffering from 'cryptogenic' ischaemic events...

..435). Therefore, a benefit for cidofovir in addition to HAART in the treatment of PML in HIV-infected patients could not be proven...

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..This study presents first data on the clinical characteristics and possible mechanisms of the phantom testis syndrome after surgical removal of one testis...

..Patients with dissection-related cervical artery occlusion had a significantly increased risk of suffering a disabling stroke...

..Electromyography-guided injections of BTx A in both cremaster muscles (15 MU on the right and 10 on the left) led to significant symptom relief for an average of 8 weeks. We present the case including pre- and posttreatment video clips...

..Since causative treatment for CMT is not available, sleep-related symptoms should be recognized and treated in order to improve quality of life...

..This case highlights the importance of complementary functional investigations in MRI-negative epilepsies...

..At a clinical follow-up 3 months later, the motor and sensory functions were almost restored. MRI at this time showed disentanglement of spinal cord adherence...

..Increased levels have been shown to be positively correlated with therapeutic response in major depression. Event-related potentials (ERP) have been reported to be impaired in depressed patients...

..There is an association between RLS and migraine and, in addition, a co-association with depression. The underlying mechanism, however, remains undetermined and might be related to a dysfunction of dopaminergic metabolism in migraine...

..We conclude that DTI provides a highly sensitive and quantitative tool to detect subtle and transient loss of fibre integrity associated with AED treatment...

..All changes recorded were very mild and unlikely to be clinically relevant...

..001). Our data suggest that polytherapy, but not monotherapy or the subtype of epilepsy, might have a slowing impact on pre-attentive cognitive processing...

..To investigate the adjunctive effects of quetiapine on overall treatment response and on specific symptoms in agitated depression...

..We conclude that ERP are an appropriate method to follow up cognitive dysfunction in MS and that cognitive dysfunction as measured by ERP is progressively impaired in the course of MS, in particular in the secondary progressive subtype...

..The results indicate, that 1000mg intravenous acetaminophen is not superior to placebo in treating severe acute migraine attacks...

..Diagnosis is mainly based on characteristic clinical symptoms in combination with characteristic MRI changes. Usually, it is a slowly progressive chronic disease affecting HIV-infected individuals with low CD4 T-cell counts...