Brian W Timmons

..CHO had no effect on TNF-alpha or IL-6 in either group. Our results indicate a distinct pattern of the immune response to exercise and CHO intake in boys, compared with men...

..Given the linkage between childhood health and adult disease, paediatric exercise immunology represents a fruitful area for future study...

..Increased CD69 expression suggests that NK cells increase activation status during recovery from physiological stress...

..g., multiple sclerosis) as an adjunct therapy to mobilize the CD56(bright) subset. Further investigation into the biology of NK cell subsets and exercise should prove to be a fruitful area for years to come...

..g., family, child-care, and socio-economic status). We provide recommendations for physical activity based on the best available evidence, and identify future research needs...

..g., family, child-care, and socio-economic status). We provide recommendations for physical activity based on the best available evidence, and identify future research needs...

..This understanding will be particularly relevant for childhood diseases that restrict growth...

..0001), but exhibited poor agreement (mean bias +/- 1SD = -1.4 +/- 2.1 pg/mL). The CBA provided concordant IL-6 concentrations at rest, when detected, but underestimated exercise-induced increases in IL-6 versus the ELISA method...

..We conclude that even in young children sex-based differences exist in the NK cell response to exercise and CHO intake...

..We conclude that lymphocyte expression of CD95 is influenced by acute exercise in healthy children and adolescents. Exercise-induced alterations in CD95 expression may have clinical implications for some pediatric conditions...

..These results demonstrate sex-based differences in the distribution of NK cell subsets and activation status in response to exercise, but not CHO intake, and further support the need to control for sex in exercise immunology studies...

..91, CV = 3.7%). Reliability for HR at submaximal exercise (ICC = 0.28, CV = 18.8%) and HR recovery (ICC = 0.42, CV = 14.0%) was not as strong. These findings should assist in determining appropriate fitness tests for preschoolers...

..82, p = 0.0001; ? = 0.47). Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity increased in this sample of boys and girls during the preschool years, and short-term muscle power and speed exhibited stronger tracking than physical activity...

..05). CONCLUSION: These results highlight the need to control for age, puberty, and gender when interpreting immunologic responses to exercise in a pediatric population...

..51, p=0.005, n=29). It was concluded that reliance on CHOexo during exercise is particularly sensitive to pubertal status, with the highest oxidation rates observed in pre- and early-pubertal boys, independent of chronological age...

..Our results also point to potential sex-related differences in energy substrate utilization even during childhood...

..Future studies should investigate 17beta-estradiol effects on IL-6 production and neutrophil infiltration within skeletal muscle during and after exercise...

..Cortisol changes with exercise were not different between groups or MP. These results highlight the necessity to control for gender, and in particular OC use, when designing studies evaluating exercise and immunology...

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..5 ± 2.6 vs. 10.8 ± 1.0 W/kg, respectively; p = .07). No differences were observed for MP (standard: 6.2 ± 0.9 vs. optimized: 6.2 ± 1.1 W/kg; p = .9). Optimization of the WAnT tended to increase PP by 10-28% in youth with JIA...

..Randomized controlled trial using a repeated-measures design...

..Therefore, investigating which type of exercise can elicit an anabolic response with minimal inflammation is of clinical value...

..41; p < 0.05) with the testosterone to cortisol ratio. These results suggest that mucosal immunity increases with pubertal maturation, while higher cortisol is associated with lower mucosal immunity in adolescents...

..01) in boys (15.8 +/- 0.5) than in men (14.0 +/- 0.4). CONCLUSIONS: The higher and faster increase in RPE during exercise in boys, compared with men, may reflect a sensitivity to RR that outweighed any effect of CHO ingestion on RPE...

..Our data highlight important methodological considerations when measuring physical activity in preschoolers and the need for preschool-specific physical activity guidelines for Canadian children...

..1 mg × kg FFM(-1) × min(-1) during CARB and CONT, respectively (p = 0.06). In CARB, CHO(exo) oxidation contributed to 23.3 ± 4.2% of total EE. CHO intake markedly suppresses fat oxidation during exercise in obese boys...

..kg FFM(-1)) in the control condition. A nutritive effect of post-exercise protein content was not discernible short term (15 h), but a delayed performance benefit (60 h) was observed following protein-enriched high-carbohydrate ingestion...

..The greater reliance on CHO(exo) in boys may be important in preserving endogenous fuels and may be related to pubertal status...

..06). We conclude that, compared with men, prepubertal boys have higher relative FOR throughout a wide range of exercise intensities and that FOR drops as boys develop through puberty...