W F Helsen

..The pattern of eye-hand coordination was consistent with Woodworth's (1899) two component model of limb control, and at odds with models of limb control which suggest that online visual pickup is of minor importance...

..Some options for reducing the relative age effect are offered...

..In addition, video training is discussed as an additional method for improving match officials' decision making...

..Thus, to optimize learning, one should practice under the same afferent and oculomotor conditions that will be required for the final performance...

..By contrast, because the muscular force used to break the first movement is also used to propel the second movement, reversal movements are organised as an integrated unit...

..The spatial-temporal coupling of PG with the 3 limb segments was optimal for the pick up of visual information about the position of the finger and the target late in the movement...

..A positive linear relationship was found between accumulated individual plus team practice and skill. Various practical suggestions can be made to improve talent detection and selection and to optimize career practice patterns in soccer...

..The authors suggest that individuals apply different movement strategies according to the abilities of the hand and the hemisphere system used to produce the same outcome...

..When the visual display of the limb movement was partially occluded between or near to the targets, tremor decreased without deterioration of movement accuracy...

..These findings contribute to guidelines for optimizing training protocols based on motor imagery...

..Apparently, the strength of the perception-action coupling has a severe impact on the quality of the synchronization of an arm movement to an external event...

..These data do not support the visual feedback processing hypothesis of manual asymmetry. Motor performance is affected to the same extent for both hand systems when vision is degraded...

..Multiple sclerosis (MS) intention tremor is a disabling symptom, which is difficult to treat...

..Moreover, eye and hand movement deficits seemed to be closely related, suggesting a common underlying command structure. Inaccurate eye movements were likely to hamper an accurate motor performance of the hand...

..These latter two findings have implications for models of manual asymmetry and upper limb control...

..Intention tremor amplitude was reduced when there was no preceding saccadic eye movement, whereas conversely, eye movements were not affected by different hand tremor severity...

..To investigate the dependence of intention tremor rating scores on different finger-to-nose test (FNT) protocols, varying in arm position and the time the finger has to be kept on the nose, and to examine their relevance to function...

..To quantify the effects of vision and arm position on arm postural tremor, comparisons were made between flexed and extended arm positions performed with the eyes open and closed...

..Overall, it has been demonstrated that movement planning and control processes are versatile operations, which have the ability to adapt to the type of information available...

..Abnormalities in proprioceptive processing may explain why MS patients with tremor show an increased reliance on visual feedback for online motor control...

..Both prior planning and online control processes contribute to the one-target advantage. The degree to which these processes are important for limb control depends on the specific task demands..

..Therefore, eye movement recordings may be used as an objective technique to evaluate subjects' compliance, motor imagery ability, and spatial accuracy...

..Alternatively and more likely, these findings might reflect a difference in attention or resources attributed to different aspects of the tasks because of the different functional specializations of both hand/hemisphere systems...

..Our findings indicate that actual performance is a significant activity for skill acquisition and refinement...