Gerhard Ruedl

..In conclusion, low ambient temperature and snowfall are important environmental risk factors for knee injuries in female skiers...

..While the mean injury rate from snow sports in Austria is low (less than 2 injuries per 1000 skier days), there is little information about fatalities on Austrian ski slopes...

..6 times more with females than with males (p=0.005). The forward twisting fall seems to have become the dominant ACL injury mechanism both in male and female recreational skiers since the introduction of carving skis...

..59; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-5.5, P=0.013). In conclusion, ACL injuries in female recreational skiers are the result of a complex interaction of intrinsic and extrinsic risk factors...

..Therefore, we conclude that preventive helmet campaigns possibly attain a higher acceptance leading to a higher helmet use compared to a helmet mandatory...

..However, a commonly reported reason for nonuse is impaired vision...

..In general, to avoid speed related injuries, preventive recommendations include skiing under speed control consistent with the individual skiing ability, and slope and weather conditions...

..Analysis of menstrual history data revealed that recreational skiers in the preovulatory phase were significantly more likely to sustain an ACL injury than were skiers in the postovulatory phase...

..1% released during the remaining mechanisms. In contrast to traditional skiers, the forward twisting fall was the dominant injury mechanism in female carving skiers with ACL injury...

..No significant differences have been found with regard to gender, used type of gear, and risk taking behaviour. Thus, future helmet campaigns should also be aimed at older people, ski guest from other nations, and less skilled skiers...

..In recent years, discussions have arisen about the potential influence of wearing a ski helmet on an increasing level of risk taking and higher speeds on ski slopes...

..A helmet mandatory for people younger than 16 years was implemented in most Austrian provinces in the winter season 2009/2010. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of a ski helmet mandatory on age-dependent helmet use...

..To identify whether the introduction of carving skis and related equipment has altered the overall injury rate and/or the pattern of injury location...

..Large interindividual variations of responses to hypoxia have to be expected, especially in persons with preexisting diseases. Thus, the assessment of those responses by hypoxic challenge testing may be helpful whenever possible...

..To investigate the effects of an acute exercise bout on affect and psychological well-being in individuals with type 2 diabetes...

..We have investigated health behaviour, quality of life, and sociodemographic variables of people with psychopharmacological treatment using data from the most recent Austrian Health Survey...