Anthony J Hannan

Summary

Affiliation: University of Melbourne
Country: Australia

Publications

  1. ncbi European Neuroscience - Sixth Biennial FENS Forum
    Anthony J Hannan
    Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
    IDrugs 11:643-5. 2008
  2. ncbi European Neuroscience--Seventh Biennial FENS Forum
    Anthony J Hannan
    University of Melbourne, Howard Florey Institute, Florey Neuroscience Institutes, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
    IDrugs 13:607-9. 2010
  3. ncbi Australian Neuroscience Society - 30th Annual Meeting and Australian Physiological Society - 50th Anniversary Meeting
    Anthony J Hannan
    University of Melbourne, Howard Florey Institute, Florey Neuroscience Institutes, Royal Parade, Parkville, Vic, Australia
    IDrugs 13:201-3. 2010
  4. ncbi Wheel running from a juvenile age delays onset of specific motor deficits but does not alter protein aggregate density in a mouse model of Huntington's disease
    Anton van Dellen
    Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
    BMC Neurosci 9:34. 2008
  5. ncbi Tandem repeat polymorphisms: modulators of disease susceptibility and candidates for 'missing heritability'
    Anthony J Hannan
    Howard Florey Institute, Florey Neuroscience Institutes, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
    Trends Genet 26:59-65. 2010
  6. ncbi International Brain Research Organization--Seventh World Congress of Neuroscience. 12-17 July 2007, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
    Anthony J Hannan
    Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
    IDrugs 10:690-2. 2007
  7. ncbi Sensitivity to MK-801 in phospholipase C-?1 knockout mice reveals a specific NMDA receptor deficit
    Laura Gray
    Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
    Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 12:917-28. 2009
  8. ncbi Clozapine reverses schizophrenia-related behaviours in the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 knockout mouse: association with N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor up-regulation
    Laura Gray
    Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
    Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 12:45-60. 2009
  9. ncbi Cognitive disorders and neurogenesis deficits in Huntington's disease mice are rescued by fluoxetine
    Helen E Grote
    Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
    Eur J Neurosci 22:2081-8. 2005
  10. ncbi PLC-beta1 knockout mice as a model of disrupted cortical development and plasticity: behavioral endophenotypes and dysregulation of RGS4 gene expression
    Caitlin E McOmish
    Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
    Hippocampus 18:824-34. 2008

Collaborators

Detail Information

Publications56

  1. ncbi European Neuroscience - Sixth Biennial FENS Forum
    Anthony J Hannan
    Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
    IDrugs 11:643-5. 2008
  2. ncbi European Neuroscience--Seventh Biennial FENS Forum
    Anthony J Hannan
    University of Melbourne, Howard Florey Institute, Florey Neuroscience Institutes, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
    IDrugs 13:607-9. 2010
    ..Investigational drugs discussed include ST-1936 (Sigma-Tau Industrie Farmaceutiche Riunite SpA), LY-392098 (Eli Lilly & Co) and Lu-AA21004 (H Lundbeck A/S/Takeda Pharmaceutical Co Ltd)...
  3. ncbi Australian Neuroscience Society - 30th Annual Meeting and Australian Physiological Society - 50th Anniversary Meeting
    Anthony J Hannan
    University of Melbourne, Howard Florey Institute, Florey Neuroscience Institutes, Royal Parade, Parkville, Vic, Australia
    IDrugs 13:201-3. 2010
    ..Investigational drugs discussed include 4-ACPBPA (Circadian Technologies Ltd/University of Sydney) and F-15599 (Pierre Fabre SA)...
  4. ncbi Wheel running from a juvenile age delays onset of specific motor deficits but does not alter protein aggregate density in a mouse model of Huntington's disease
    Anton van Dellen
    Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
    BMC Neurosci 9:34. 2008
    ..Furthermore, wheel running initiated in adulthood ameliorates the rear-paw clasping motor sign, but not an accelerating rotarod deficit...
  5. ncbi Tandem repeat polymorphisms: modulators of disease susceptibility and candidates for 'missing heritability'
    Anthony J Hannan
    Howard Florey Institute, Florey Neuroscience Institutes, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
    Trends Genet 26:59-65. 2010
    ..TRPs might provide substantial genetic variability contributing to complex polygenic diseases and could be an important source of the missing heritability evident in SNP-based GWA studies...
  6. ncbi International Brain Research Organization--Seventh World Congress of Neuroscience. 12-17 July 2007, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
    Anthony J Hannan
    Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
    IDrugs 10:690-2. 2007
  7. ncbi Sensitivity to MK-801 in phospholipase C-?1 knockout mice reveals a specific NMDA receptor deficit
    Laura Gray
    Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
    Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 12:917-28. 2009
    ..These results also shed further light on the capacity of environmental factors to modulate subsets of these phenotypes...
  8. ncbi Clozapine reverses schizophrenia-related behaviours in the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 knockout mouse: association with N-methyl-D-aspartic acid receptor up-regulation
    Laura Gray
    Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
    Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 12:45-60. 2009
    ..These results highlight both the interactions between mGluR5 and NMDA receptors in the determination of schizophreniform behaviours and the potential for the effects of clozapine to be mediated by NMDA receptor regulation...
  9. ncbi Cognitive disorders and neurogenesis deficits in Huntington's disease mice are rescued by fluoxetine
    Helen E Grote
    Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
    Eur J Neurosci 22:2081-8. 2005
    ..Furthermore, fluoxetine was found to rescue deficits of neurogenesis and volume loss in the dentate gyrus of HD mice...
  10. ncbi PLC-beta1 knockout mice as a model of disrupted cortical development and plasticity: behavioral endophenotypes and dysregulation of RGS4 gene expression
    Caitlin E McOmish
    Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
    Hippocampus 18:824-34. 2008
    ..These results validate the utility of the PLC-beta1 knockout mouse as a model of schizophrenia, including molecular and cellular evidence for disrupted cortical maturation and associated behavioral endophenotypes...
  11. ncbi Modeling brain reserve: experience-dependent neuronal plasticity in healthy and Huntington's disease transgenic mice
    Jess Nithianantharajah
    Howard Florey Institute, Florey Neuroscience Institutes, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
    Am J Geriatr Psychiatry 17:196-209. 2009
    ..The authors have investigated structural correlates of synaptic function and plasticity, through analysis of dendritic morphology after environmental enrichment, a paradigm for investigation of experience-dependent plasticity...
  12. ncbi Dendritic spine pathology and deficits in experience-dependent dendritic plasticity in R6/1 Huntington's disease transgenic mice
    Tara L Spires
    University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3PT, UK
    Eur J Neurosci 19:2799-807. 2004
    ..Furthermore, we demonstrate that Huntington's disease pathology interferes with the normal plastic response of dendritic spines to environmental enrichment...
  13. ncbi Environmental enrichment ameliorates a motor coordination deficit in a mouse model of Rett syndrome--Mecp2 gene dosage effects and BDNF expression
    Mari Kondo
    Howard Florey Institute and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Vic, Australia
    Eur J Neurosci 27:3342-50. 2008
    ..Our findings demonstrate a positive impact of environmental enrichment in a Rett syndrome model; this impact may be dependent on the existence of one functional copy of Mecp2...
  14. ncbi Gene-environment interactions modulating cognitive function and molecular correlates of synaptic plasticity in Huntington's disease transgenic mice
    Jess Nithianantharajah
    Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
    Neurobiol Dis 29:490-504. 2008
    ..Our results show that cognitive deficits in HD mice can be ameliorated by environmental enrichment and suggest that changes in synaptic composition may contribute to the cognitive alterations observed...
  15. ncbi Gene-environment interactions, neuronal dysfunction and pathological plasticity in Huntington's disease
    Anton van Dellen
    University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
    Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 32:1007-19. 2005
    ..The effects of specific environmental manipulations are discussed in the context of gene-environment interactions and experience-dependent plasticity in the healthy and diseased brain, particularly the cerebral cortex...
  16. ncbi The neurobiology of brain and cognitive reserve: mental and physical activity as modulators of brain disorders
    Jess Nithianantharajah
    Howard Florey Institute, Florey Neuroscience Institutes, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
    Prog Neurobiol 89:369-82. 2009
    ....
  17. ncbi Sex-specific behavioural effects of environmental enrichment in a transgenic mouse model of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
    Nathan C Stam
    Howard Florey Institute, and Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
    Eur J Neurosci 28:717-23. 2008
    ....
  18. ncbi Treatment of depressive-like behaviour in Huntington's disease mice by chronic sertraline and exercise
    Thibault Renoir
    Howard Florey Institute, Florey Neuroscience Institutes, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
    Br J Pharmacol 165:1375-89. 2012
    ..Depression is the most common psychiatric disorder in Huntington's disease (HD) patients. Women are more prone to develop depression and such susceptibility might be related to 5-hydroxytryptaminergic (serotonergic) dysregulation...
  19. ncbi Altered serotonin receptor expression is associated with depression-related behavior in the R6/1 transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease
    Terence Y C Pang
    Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
    Hum Mol Genet 18:753-66. 2009
    ..Our findings implicate altered serotonergic signaling as the basis for the development of depression during the preclinical stages of HD...
  20. ncbi Gene-environment interactions and construct validity in preclinical models of psychiatric disorders
    Emma L Burrows
    Howard Florey Institute, Florey Neuroscience Institutes, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
    Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 35:1376-82. 2011
    ....
  21. ncbi Role of muscarinic receptors in the activity of N-desmethylclozapine: reversal of hyperactivity in the phospholipase C knockout mouse
    Laura Gray
    Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
    Behav Pharmacol 19:543-7. 2008
    ....
  22. ncbi Phospholipase C beta 1 expression in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex from patients with schizophrenia at different stages of illness
    Madhara Udawela
    Rebecca L Cooper Research Laboratories, Mental Health Research Institute, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
    Aust N Z J Psychiatry 45:140-7. 2011
    ..Thus we aimed to validate and extend these findings...
  23. ncbi Sexually dimorphic serotonergic dysfunction in a mouse model of Huntington's disease and depression
    Thibault Renoir
    Howard Florey Institute, Florey Neuroscience Institutes, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
    PLoS ONE 6:e22133. 2011
    ..Our data suggest a crucial role for disrupted serotonin signaling in mediating the sexually dimorphic depression-like phenotype in HD mice...
  24. ncbi Molecular mediators, environmental modulators and experience-dependent synaptic dysfunction in Huntington's disease
    Anthony J Hannan
    Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
    Acta Biochim Pol 51:415-30. 2004
    ..The effects of environmental enrichment on brain and behaviour will also be discussed, together with the general implications for neuroscience research involving animal models...
  25. ncbi Australian Neuroscience Society--25th Annual Meeting. 30 January-2 February 2005, Perth, Australia
    Anthony J Hannan
    Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
    IDrugs 8:193-6. 2005
  26. ncbi Mutation of Gtf2ird1 from the Williams-Beuren syndrome critical region results in facial dysplasia, motor dysfunction, and altered vocalisations
    Monique L Howard
    Howard Florey Institute, Florey Neuroscience Institutes, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
    Neurobiol Dis 45:913-22. 2012
    ....
  27. ncbi Dynamic mutations as digital genetic modulators of brain development, function and dysfunction
    Jess Nithianantharajah
    Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
    Bioessays 29:525-35. 2007
    ....
  28. ncbi Regulator of G-protein signalling 4 expression is not altered in the prefrontal cortex in schizophrenia
    Andrew Stuart Gibbons
    Rebecca L Cooper Research Laboratories, Mental Health Research Institute of Victoria, Parkville, Vic, Australia
    Aust N Z J Psychiatry 42:740-5. 2008
    ..The aim of the present study was to reconcile these discrepancies by examining RGS4 expression in the dorsolateral prefrontal and parietal cortices from subjects with schizophrenia...
  29. ncbi Activity-dependent regulation of synapse and dendritic spine morphology in developing barrel cortex requires phospholipase C-beta1 signalling
    Tara L Spires
    University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, Parks Road, Oxford, UK
    Cereb Cortex 15:385-93. 2005
    ..Interrupting this regulation leads to changes in synapse and dendritic spine morphology, possibly altering post-synaptic integration of signal...
  30. ncbi Enriched environments, experience-dependent plasticity and disorders of the nervous system
    Jess Nithianantharajah
    Howard Florey Institute, National Neuroscience Facility, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
    Nat Rev Neurosci 7:697-709. 2006
    ..Here, we review these findings on the environmental modulators of pathogenesis and gene-environment interactions in CNS disorders, and discuss their therapeutic implications...
  31. ncbi Regulators of adult neurogenesis in the healthy and diseased brain
    Helen E Grote
    University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
    Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 34:533-45. 2007
    ..Recent evidence supports this idea and, furthermore, also indicates that factors promoting neurogenesis can modify the onset and progression of specific brain disorders, including Huntington's disease and depression...
  32. ncbi Magnetic resonance imaging as an approach towards identifying neuropathological biomarkers for Huntington's disease
    India Bohanna
    Howard Florey Institute and Centre for Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
    Brain Res Rev 58:209-25. 2008
    ....
  33. ncbi European neuroscience - Federation of European Neuroscience Societies 5th Forum. 8-12 July 2006, Vienna, Austria
    Anthony J Hannan
    Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
    IDrugs 9:669-70. 2006
  34. ncbi Enviromimetics: exploring gene environment interactions to identify therapeutic targets for brain disorders
    Caitlin E McOmish
    Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
    Expert Opin Ther Targets 11:899-913. 2007
    ....
  35. ncbi Huntington's disease: which drugs might help patients?
    Anthony J Hannan
    Howard Florey Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
    IDrugs 7:351-8. 2004
    ..This review focuses on our current knowledge of molecular mechanisms of pathogenesis in HD and the use of this information to identify potential therapeutic targets and screen drugs in various transgenic models...
  36. ncbi Environmental enrichment: a cure for cancer? It's all in the mind
    Terence Y C Pang
    Howard Florey Institute, Florey Neuroscience Institutes, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
    J Mol Cell Biol 2:302-4. 2010
    ..Now, Cao et al. (2010) report in Cell that this paradigm also exerts strong influences beyond the brain and is capable of suppressing tumor growth in mice...
  37. ncbi Novel therapeutic targets for Huntington's disease
    Anthony J Hannan
    Howard Florey Institute, National Neuroscience Facility, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
    Expert Opin Ther Targets 9:639-50. 2005
    ..Presymptomatic testing for the HD gene mutation necessitates future development of novel therapeutics aimed at delaying onset of symptoms, as well as slowing or reversing disease progression...
  38. ncbi Society for neuroscience-33rd annual meeting
    Anthony J Hannan
    University of Melbourne, Howard Florey Institute, Australia
    IDrugs 7:7-8. 2004
  39. ncbi Retinal dysfunction, photoreceptor protein dysregulation and neuronal remodelling in the R6/1 mouse model of Huntington's disease
    Abrez Hussain Batcha
    Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The University of Melbourne, Parkville 3010, Victoria, Australia
    Neurobiol Dis 45:887-96. 2012
    ..As retinal structure and connectivity are well characterised, the retina may provide a useful model tissue in which to characterise the mechanisms important in the development of neuronal pathology in HD...
  40. ncbi Behavioural state differentially engages septohippocampal cholinergic and GABAergic neurons in R6/1 Huntington's disease mice
    Mark I Ransome
    Florey Neuroscience Institutes, Melbourne Brain Centre, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
    Neurobiol Learn Mem 97:261-70. 2012
    ..The differential activation of septohippocampal cholinergic and GABAergic neurons in R6/1 HD mice in response to differing behavioural states may be associated with impaired hippocampal-dependent short-term memory...
  41. ncbi Increased adult hippocampal neurogenesis and abnormal migration of adult-born granule neurons is associated with hippocampal-specific cognitive deficits in phospholipase C-?1 knockout mice
    Elizabeth E Manning
    Howard Florey Institute, Florey Neuroscience Institutes, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
    Hippocampus 22:309-19. 2012
    ..We propose that abnormal cellular plasticity in these mice may contribute to their schizophrenia-like behavioral endophenotypes...
  42. ncbi Genetic and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease
    Anton van Dellen
    University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OX1 3PT, Oxford, UK
    Neurogenetics 5:9-17. 2004
    ..This review focuses on genetic mediators, environmental modulators, and associated gene-environment interactions in the pathogenesis of Huntington's disease...
  43. ncbi Australian Neuroscience Society--24th annual meeting. 27-30 January 2004, Melbourne, Australia
    Anthony J Hannan
    University of Melbourne, Howard Florey Institute, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
    IDrugs 7:197-200. 2004
  44. ncbi TRPing up the genome: Tandem repeat polymorphisms as dynamic sources of genetic variability in health and disease
    Anthony J Hannan
    Howard Florey Institute, Florey Neuroscience Institutes, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
    Discov Med 10:314-21. 2010
    ..Recent discoveries in this expanding field are discussed, with a focus on the role of TRPs in brain development, function, and dysfunction...
  45. ncbi Neurogenesis in the R6/1 transgenic mouse model of Huntington's disease: effects of environmental enrichment
    Stanley E Lazic
    Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2PY, UK
    Eur J Neurosci 23:1829-38. 2006
    ....
  46. ncbi Environmental enrichment slows disease progression in R6/2 Huntington's disease mice
    Emma Hockly
    Division of Medical and Molecular Genetics, GKT School of Medicine, King s College London, UK
    Ann Neurol 51:235-42. 2002
    ..Enrichment also delayed the loss of peristriatal cerebral volume in R6/2 brains. These results could provide the basis for a rational approach to ameliorate the effects of Huntington's disease...
  47. ncbi International Brain Research Organization--Sixth World Congress of Neuroscience. 10-15 July 2003, Prague, Czech Republic
    Anthony J Hannan
    Howard Florey Institute Parkville, Melbourne, Australia
    IDrugs 6:852-4. 2003
  48. ncbi Effects of enriched environment on animal models of neurodegenerative diseases and psychiatric disorders
    Giovanni Laviola
    Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Roma, Italy
    Neurobiol Dis 31:159-68. 2008
    ..Additionally we discuss why some of the effects of environmental enrichment question the validity of current animal models of mental disorders...
  49. ncbi Environmental enrichment rescues protein deficits in a mouse model of Huntington's disease, indicating a possible disease mechanism
    Tara L Spires
    University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
    J Neurosci 24:2270-6. 2004
    ..These results suggest that environmental enrichment benefits animals at early stages of the disease by rescuing protein deficits, possibly through rescuing transcription or protein transport problems...
  50. ncbi Mutant huntingtin's effects on striatal gene expression in mice recapitulate changes observed in human Huntington's disease brain and do not differ with mutant huntingtin length or wild-type huntingtin dosage
    Alexandre Kuhn
    Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne EPFL, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
    Hum Mol Genet 16:1845-61. 2007
    ....
  51. ncbi Impaired learning-dependent cortical plasticity in Huntington's disease transgenic mice
    Anita Cybulska-Klosowicz
    Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, 02 093, Warsaw, Poland
    Neurobiol Dis 17:427-34. 2004
    ..The results suggest that presymptomatic R6/1 HD transgenic mice show deficits in plasticity of primary somatosensory cortex...
  52. ncbi Decreased hippocampal cell proliferation in R6/1 Huntington's mice
    Stanley E Lazic
    Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 2PY, UK
    Neuroreport 15:811-3. 2004
    ..Such a decrease in cell proliferation may be relevant to some of the deficits seen in these mice, although further work is needed to prove this...
  53. ncbi Olfactory abnormalities in Huntington's disease: decreased plasticity in the primary olfactory cortex of R6/1 transgenic mice and reduced olfactory discrimination in patients
    Stanley E Lazic
    Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, CB2 2PY, UK
    Brain Res 1151:219-26. 2007
    ..These results suggest that olfactory impairments observed in HD patients may be the result of reduced plasticity in the primary olfactory cortex...
  54. ncbi Deficits in experience-dependent cortical plasticity and sensory-discrimination learning in presymptomatic Huntington's disease mice
    Nektarios K Mazarakis
    University Laboratory of Physiology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
    J Neurosci 25:3059-66. 2005
    ....
  55. ncbi Nature, nurture and neurology: gene-environment interactions in neurodegenerative disease. FEBS Anniversary Prize Lecture delivered on 27 June 2004 at the 29th FEBS Congress in Warsaw
    Tara L Spires
    MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
    FEBS J 272:2347-61. 2005
    ..Here, we review the studies of environmental enrichment relevant to some major neurodegenerative diseases and discuss their research and clinical implications...
  56. ncbi Molecular mechanisms mediating pathological plasticity in Huntington's disease and Alzheimer's disease
    Tara L Spires
    MassGeneral Institute for Neurodegenerative Disease, Massachusetts General Hospital, Charlestown, MA, USA
    J Neurochem 100:874-82. 2007
    ..This review will present evidence for altered plasticity in Huntington's and Alzheimer's diseases, relate these findings to symptomatology, and review possible causes and commonalities...